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The Apollo Program
On May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy
challenged his country to safely send and return an
American to the Moon before the end of the decade.
NASA met that challenge with the Apollo program.
It would be the rst time human beings left Earth
orbit and visited another world. The Apollo program
played a crucial role in space exploration and made
it possible to explore more distant worlds further
in the future.
The Apollo program consisted of 11 spaceights.
The rst two missions, Apollo 7 and 9, were Earth-
orbiting missions used to test the Command
and Lunar Modules. The next two, Apollo 8 and
10, tested various components while orbiting
the Moon, also taking photographs of the lunar
surface. While Apollo 13 did not land on the moon
due to a malfunction, a total of six other missions
did and returned with a wealth of scientic data
and almost 881.8 lbs (400 kilos) of lunar samples.
The rst manned mission to the moon was Apollo
8. It circled around the moon on Christmas Eve in
1968. Just over six months later on July 20, 1969,
the world witnessed one of the most astounding
technological achievements of the 20th century
when a NASA astronaut on Apollo 11 became the
rst human to set foot on the Moon.
The Apollo 11 mission lasted 195 hours, 18 minutes
and 35 seconds - about 36 minutes longer than
planned. After lunar orbit insertion, the Command
Module (CM) and Lunar Module (LM) separated.
While one crewmember remained in the CM, which
orbited the Moon, the other two astronauts made
the historic journey to the lunar surface in the
LM. After exploring the surface and setting up
experiments for 21 hours and 36 minutes, the
astronauts returned safely to the CM and began
the journey back to Earth.
The Saturn V moves at one mile per hour
down the crawlerway toward pad 39A
Workers prepare the S-IC rst stage
in the transfer aisle of the Vehicle
Assembly Building
Photographers lm the Apollo 11 rollout
Pre-ight training
Kennedy Space Center technicians
inspect the LRV.
Saturn V was the most powerful rocket that
had ever own successfully and was used in
the Apollo program in the 1960s and 1970s. The
rocket was 363 ft. (111 m) tall and weighed 6.2
million lbs (2.8 million kilos) when fully fueled
for liftoff. The Saturn V used for the later Apollo
missions had three stages. Each stage would
burn its engines until it was out of fuel and would
then separate from the rocket. The engines on
the next stage would re, and the rocket would
continue into space. The rst stage had the most
powerful engines, since it had the challenging
task of lifting the fully fueled rocket off the
ground. The rst stage lifted the rocket to an
altitude of about 42 miles (68 km). The second
stage carried it from there almost into orbit. The
third stage placed the Apollo spacecraft into
Earth orbit and pushed it toward the moon.
Saturn V
F-1 ENGINES (5)
J-2 ENGINES (5)
S-IC STAGE
S-II STAGE
The S-II second
stage is moved
into position for
mating with the
S-IC rst stage
Mating of the Apollo
11 spacecraft to
the Saturn V launch
vehicle
Shortly after the trans-lunar injection
maneuver that placed the Apollo
spacecraft on its trajectory towards the
Moon, the transposition and docking
maneuver would be performed. This
involved an astronaut separating the
Apollo Command/Service Module (CSM)
spacecraft from the adapter which
fastened it to its launch vehicle upper
stage, turning it around, and docking its
nose to the Apollo Lunar Module (LM), then
pulling the combined spacecraft away
from the upper stage.
Transposition, docking,
and extraction
J-2 ENGINE
LUNAR MODULE
DESCENT STAGE
APOLLO
COMMAND
MODULE
S-IVB STAGE
INSTRUMENT UNIT
LUNAR MODULE
ASCENT STAGE
APOLLO
SERVICE
MODULE
LAUNCH
ESCAPE
SYSTEM
Lunar Module 5
ascent stage in Final
Assembly area on
overhead hoist
The Apollo 11 CSM
being moved
from work
stand for
mating
The Command/
Service Module (CSM)
separates from the
adapter.
The CSM then turns
around in preparation
for docking with the
Lunar Module (LM)
After docking, the CSM
pulls the LM away from
the launch vehicle’s
upper stage